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PG-13:.Risky.Reads.You.Must.Read.This.Summer.Books.Best.Books.of.the.Year...Pediatrics...Cocaine...prevents...the...reuptake...of...the...neurotransmitters...dopamine,...serotonin,...and...norepinephrine.[21]...Thus...they...stay...in...the...synapse...longer,...causing...excitement...of...the...sympathetic...nervous...system...and...evoking...a...stress...response.[22]...The...euphoria...experienced...by...cocaine...users...is...thought...to...be...largely...due...to...the...way...it...prevents...the...neurotransmitter...serotonin...from...being...reabsorbed...by...the...presynaptic...neuron...which...released...it.[31]...Cocaine...prevents...the...reuptake...in...synapses...of...the...monoamine...neurotransmitters...dopamine,...serotonin,...and...norepinephrineincluding...in...fetuses.[15][21]....One..way..to..address..problems..with..uncertainty..about..cocaine's..effects..due..to..confounding..factors..is..to..use..animal..models;..these..allow..experimenters..to..study..the..effects..at..specific..doses..and..times.[54]..Studies..have..used..mice,..other..rodents,..rabbits,..and..primates.[12]..However,..differences..between..species'..physiology..and..gestation..times..mean..findings..in..animals..may..not..apply..to..humans.[54]..Mice,..rats,..and..rabbits..have..shorter..gestational..times,..so..experimenters..must..continue..giving..drugs..after..they..are..born..to..more..closely..model..human..gestation;..however..this..introduces..more..differences.[15]..Animals..and..humans..metabolize..drugs..at..different..rates,..and..drugs..that..are..highly..teratogenic..in..animals..may..not..be..in..humans..and..vice..versa.[55]..Animals..cannot..be..used..to..measure..differences..in..abilities..such..as..reasoning..that..are..only..found..in..humans.[55]..Animal..studies..in..various..species..have..found..that..cocaine..impacts..brain..structure,..function,..and..chemistry,..and..causes..long-term..changes..at..the..molecular,..cellular,..and..behavioral..levels.[15]..In..research..studies..on..pregnant..rats,..injected..cocaine..did..less..damage..to..cells..than..injected..nicotine,..and..more..recovery..occurred..between..doses.[7]..Adult..rats..that..were..exposed..to..cocaine..prenatally..have..deficits..in..learning,..memory,..and..motor..skills,..and..may..have..abnormalities..in..dopamine..processing.[53]..Animal..research..has..also..shown..that..offspring..of..males..that..used..cocaine..while..their..sperm..were..forming..may..go..on..to..have..abnormalities..later..in..life.[15]...Pediatrics....During.the.early.months.of.pregnancy,.it.may.increase.the.risk.of.miscarriage..A.1990.New.York.Post.series.entitled."Children.of.the.Damned".shows.a.little.brown.face.peering.from.between.the.slats.of.his.crib,.captioned."A.2.1/2-year-old.crack.child.at.Hale.House,".and.quotes.Mother.Hale.as.grieving."a.lost.generation.".Today,.literature.sent.to.potential.contributors.claims.most.of.the.children.were.born."craving.crack."...Amsterdam:..Elsevier..Science...PMID23713107....Alcohol.legality.Alcohol.consumption.Anabolic.steroid.legality.Cannabis.legality.Annual.use.Lifetime.use.Cigarette.consumption.Cocaine.legality.Cocaine.use.Methamphetamine.legality.Opiates.use.Psilocybin.mushrooms.legality.Salvia.legality...

The...social...stigma...of...the...drug...also...complicates...studies...of...PCE;...researchers...labor...under...the...awareness...that...their...findings...will...have...political...implications.[11]...In...addition,...the...perceived...hopelessness...of...'crack...babies'...may...cause...researchers...to...ignore...possibilities...for...early...intervention...that...could...help...them.[4]...The...social...stigma...may...turn...out...to...be...a...self-fulfilling...prophecy.[52]....Researchers..Medical..&..Health..Professionals..Patients..&..Families..Parents..&..Educators..Children..&..Teens..Search..Connect..with..NIDA:..Google..Plus..Facebook..LinkedIn..Twitter..YouTube..Flickr..RSS..Menu..Home..Drugs..of..AbuseCommonly..Abused..Drugs..Charts..Emerging..Trends..and..Alerts..Alcohol..Club..Drugs..Cocaine..Hallucinogens..Heroin..Inhalants..Marijuana..MDMA..(Ecstasy/Molly)..Methamphetamine..Opioids..Prescription..Drugs..&..Cold..Medicines..Steroids..(Anabolic)..Synthetic..Cannabinoids..(K2/Spice)..Synthetic..Cathinones..(Bath..Salts)..Tobacco/Nicotine..Other..Drugs..Related..TopicsAddiction..Science..Adolescent..Brain..Comorbidity..College-Age..&..Young..Adults..Criminal..Justice..Drugged..Driving..Drug..Testing..Drugs..and..the..Brain..Genetics..Global..Health..Hepatitis..(Viral)..HIV/AIDS..Medical..Consequences..Mental..Health..Military..Naloxone..Pain..Prevention..Treatment..Trends..&..Statistics..Women..and..Drugs..Publications..FundingFunding..Opportunities..Clinical..Research..Post-Award..Concerns..General..Information..Grant..&..Contract..Application..Process..Funding..Priorities..Research..Training..News..&..EventsNews..Nora's..Blog..NIDA..in..the..News..NIDA..Notes..Podcasts..E-Newsletters..Public..Education..Projects..Contact..the..Press..Office..Meetings..&..Events..Media..Guide..About..NIDADirector's..Page..Organization..Legislative..Activities..Advisory..Boards..&..Groups..Working..at..NIDA..Donating..to..NIDA..Contact..Us..Sharing..Tools..and..Badges..Other..Resources..Strategic..Plan..Search..Share..Print..Home....Publications....Research..Reports....Cocaine....What..are..the..effects..of..maternal..cocaine..use?..Cocaine..Email..Facebook..Twitter..What..are..the..effects..of..maternal..cocaine..use?..Most..women..who..are..addicted..to..cocaine..are..of..childbearing..age...The.whole.phenomenon.of.crack.babies.was.a.media-fueled.myth..Marijuana...Is...Marijuana...Medicine?...Marijuana...Affects...Driving...The...Harmful...Effects...of...Marijuana...Short-...&...Long-Term...Effects...On...the...Road...To...Drug...Abuse...Behind...The...Smoke...Screen...What...Dealers...Will...Tell...You...The...Truth...About...Drugs...The...Truth...About...SyntheticDrugs...What...is...a...synthetic...drug?...Synthetic...Marijuana...Statistics...and...Facts...Synthetic...Marijuana...Long-term...Effects...Synthetic...Marijuana:...AShort...History...What...are...Bath...Salts?...Effects...of...Bath...Salts...Bath...Salts:...A...Short...History...What...is...N-bomb?...Effects...of...N-bomb...N-bomb:...A...Short...History...What...Dealers...On...The...Internet...Will...Tell...You...The...Truth...About...Drugs...The...Truth...About...Alcohol...What...is...Alcohol?...Alcohol...Content...Drinking...and...Driving...Understanding...How...Alcohol...Affects...the...Body...Young...People...Versus...Adults...."Effects.of.prenatal.cocaine.exposure.on.infant.reactivity.and.regulation"..

"The..field..of..prenatal..cocaine..exposure..has..advanced..significantly..since..the..misleading..'crack..baby'..scare..of..the..1980s,"..the..review..authors..said..."Crack..babies:..Twenty..years..later"...Daniel...was...--...is...--...what...some...would...call...a..."crack...baby."...When...Janine,...a...42-year-old...African-...American...volunteer...at...a...Manhattan...public...hospital,...first...laid...eyes...on...him...in...the...boarder-baby...nursery,...he...was...tiny...and...asymmetrical;...at...4...months,...he...looked...like...a...newborn....Academic..Press...doi:10.1001/jama.287.15.1952...At...any...rate,...it...soon...became...clear...that...the...major...thrust...of...policymaking...would...be...to...punish...mothers...who...smoked...crack....

He.was.beginning.to.learn.how.to.count.in.Spanish.by.the.time.he.was.3..Prenatal.Exposure.to.Drugs/Alcohol:.Characteristics.And.Educational.Implications.of.Fetal.Alcohol.Syndrome.And.Cocaine/polydrug.Effects..Wadsworth..Publishing...For.some,.the.assertion.that.crack.babies.were.in.dire.trouble.became.a.way.of.begging.funds.for.substance-abusing.mothers.and.their.infants..doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.006...^..a..b..c..d..e..f..g..h..i..j..k..l..m..n..o..p..q..r..Ross..EJ,..Graham..DL,..Money..KM,..Stanwood..GD..(2015)...

^.a.b.c.d.Singer,.L;.Arendt,.R;.Minnes,.S;.Farkas,.K;.Salvator,.A;.Kirchner,.H;.Kliegman,.R.(2002)..nytimes.com...The.studies.all.involved.low-income,.mostly.black.and.urban.families..113..(6):..167785...PMC2504866.. 2395972840

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